Irangi rya sulfide ni ubwoko bw'amabara arimo sulfuru afite imiterere ya molekile igoye. Ubusanzwe ikozwe muri amine amwe n'amwe, aminofenol hamwe nibindi binyabuzima bishyushye hamwe na sulfure cyangwa sodium polysulfide, ni ukuvuga ibirunga.
Irangi rya sulfide ahanini ntirishobora gushonga mumazi, kandi mugihe cyo gusiga irangi, bigomba gushonga muri sodium sulfide cyangwa umuti wubwishingizi bwa alkaline kugirango ugabanye ibibyimba, hanyuma bigahinduka okiside kugirango bigaragaze ibara nyuma yo kwinjiza fibre.
Incamake y'amabara ya sulfuru
Irangi rya Vulcanize ryakozwe mu gusiga irangi rya fibre ya selile ku nshuro ya mbere kuva mu 1873, kandi uburyo bwo kuyibyaza umusaruro biroroshye, muri rusange bikozwe muri amine aromatiya cyangwa fenolike ivanze na sulfure cyangwa sodium polysulfide kandi bigashyuha. Igiciro gito, cyoroshye gukoresha, nta kurwanya kanseri, hamwe no gukaraba neza no kwihuta kwizuba, ni irangi rikunzwe. Ariko rero, kubera ko ari urwego rwamabara adashobora gushonga, mugihe cyo gusiga irangi, bagabanywa kumyunyu ngugu ya sodium yumunyu wa alkali sulfide yumuti, nyuma yo gusiga fibre yumuntu, nyuma ya okiside kugirango ibe leta idashobora gukemuka kuri fibre, bityo inzira yo gusiga irangi bigoye, kandi mubihe bikomeye bya alkaline ntishobora gukoreshwa mubwoya, ubudodo nizindi fibre proteine.
Kubwibyo, amarangi y’ibirunga akoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusiga fibre ya selile, cyane cyane mu gusiga irangi ryibicuruzwa byijimye by'imyenda y'ipamba, muri byo amabara abiri y'amabara ya Sulfide ni ubwoko bw'amabara arimo sulfuru afite imiterere ya molekile. Ubusanzwe ikozwe muri amine amwe n'amwe, aminofenol hamwe nibindi binyabuzima bishyushye hamwe na sulfure cyangwa sodium polysulfide, ni ukuvuga ibirunga.
Irangi rya sulfide ahanini ntirishobora gushonga mumazi, kandi mugihe cyo gusiga irangi, bigomba gushonga muri sodium sulfide cyangwa umuti wubwishingizi bwa alkaline kugirango ugabanye ibibyimba, hanyuma bigahinduka okiside kugirango bigaragaze ibara nyuma yo kwinjiza fibre.
Incamake y'amabara ya sulfuru
Irangi rya Vulcanize ryakozwe mu gusiga irangi rya fibre ya selile ku nshuro ya mbere kuva mu 1873, kandi uburyo bwo kuyibyaza umusaruro biroroshye, muri rusange bikozwe muri amine aromatiya cyangwa fenolike ivanze na sulfure cyangwa sodium polysulfide kandi bigashyuha. Igiciro gito, cyoroshye gukoresha, nta kurwanya kanseri, hamwe no gukaraba neza no kwihuta kwizuba, ni irangi rikunzwe. Ariko rero, kubera ko ari urwego rwamabara adashobora gushonga, mugihe cyo gusiga irangi, bagabanywa kumyunyu ngugu ya sodium yumunyu wa alkali sulfide yumuti, nyuma yo gusiga fibre yumuntu, nyuma ya okiside kugirango ibe leta idashobora gukemuka kuri fibre, bityo inzira yo gusiga irangi bigoye, kandi mubihe bikomeye bya alkaline ntishobora gukoreshwa mubwoya, ubudodo nizindi fibre proteine.
Kubwibyo, irangi ryibirunga rikoreshwa cyane mugusiga irangi rya selile, cyane cyane mugusiga irangi ryibicuruzwa byijimye by'imyenda y'ipamba, muribo amabara menshi yasulfure umukaranasulfuru y'ubururu
sulfuru yijimye yijimye gd sulfuru yijimye
sulfure ibara ritukura lgf
sulfuru yijimye 10 ibara ry'umuhondo
sulfure yumuhondo 2 ifu yumuhondo
sulfure bordeaux 3b ifu yumutuku
ni Byakoreshejwe cyane.
Icya kabiri, uburyo bwo gusiga amarangi ya sulfide
Irangi rya sulfide riragabanuka kandi rigashonga mu gusiga irangi, kandi irangi leucochroma ryakozwe ryamamazwa na fibre ya selile kandi ikavurwa na okiside yo mu kirere kugirango fibre selile yerekane ibara ryifuzwa. Imiti ya reaction yimiti ni
DS-SO3Na + Na2S → D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Irangi rya sulfide umubyeyi ntaho ahuriye na fibre, kandi imiterere yacyo irimo imigozi ya sulfuru (1 S 1), imiyoboro ya disulfide (1 s - S) cyangwa imigozi ya polysulfide (1 Sx 1), igabanywa mumatsinda ya hydrogen sulfide (1) SNa) munsi ya sodium sulfide igabanya imiti, hanyuma igahinduka umunyu wa sodium ya leucochromic. Impamvu ituma leucochromes ifitanye isano ya fibre selile ni uko molekile yamabara ari nini, nayo ikabyara ingufu nini za der der Waals nimbaraga za hydrogène zihuza fibre.
Iii. Itondekanya amarangi ya sulfuru
Irangi rya sulfide rishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine:
1, ifu ya sulfide irangi
Imiterere y'irangi formulaire rusange: DSSD, mubisanzwe ikenera gukoresha sodium sulfide itetse, yashonga nyuma yo kuyisaba.
2, irangi rya hydrolytike sulfide
Imiterere y'irangi amata rusange: D-SSO3Na, ubu bwoko bw'irangi bukozwe muri sodium sulfite cyangwa sodium bisulfite yo kuvura amarangi ya sulfide gakondo, amarangi arimo amatsinda ashonga amazi, bityo amazi akabura, ariko irangi ntiririmo ibintu bigabanya, ntaho bihurira kuri fibre, mubisanzwe uburyo bwo guhagarika padi yo gusiga ikoreshwa kumyenda.
3, irangi rya sulfide
Inzira rusange yuburyo bwo gusiga irangi ni: D-SNa, irimo umubare runaka wo kugabanya imiti, irangi ryabanje kugabanywa muri leptochroma.
Mbere ya 1936, irangi ryibirunga ryari ifu nkuburyo bwubucuruzi. Iyo ikoreshejwe, ifu irangi irangi ryarashyutswe hamwe kugirango riteke hamwe nigituba, soda ivu yumuti wamazi kugirango uyishonge. Mu 1936, John Le Clester wo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yakoze igisubizo cyagabanijwe neza, gihamye cyane cya sulfide irangi, maze abona patenti, ubu uzwi ku izina rya sulfide irangi.
4, ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije
Mubikorwa byo kubyaza umusaruro, binonosowe muburyo bwo gusiga irangi, ariko ibirimo sulfure nibirimo polysulfide biri munsi cyane ugereranije nibisanzwe bya sulfide. Irangi rifite isuku ryinshi, igabanuka rihamye kandi ryoroshye. Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa rya binary igabanya glucose nifu yubwishingizi ikoreshwa mubwogero bwirangi, ntibishobora kugabanya irangi rya sulfide gusa ahubwo binagira uruhare mukurengera ibidukikije.
Icya kane, inzira yo gusiga amarangi ya sulfide
Inzira yo gusiga irangi irashobora kugabanywamo intambwe enye zikurikira:
1. Kugabanya amarangi
Biroroshye cyane kugabanya no gushonga amarangi ya sulfide, kandi sodium sulfide ikoreshwa muburyo bwo kugabanya, nayo ikora nka alkali. Kugirango wirinde leucophore kuba hydrolyz, ibintu nka ivu rya soda birashobora kongerwamo uko bikwiye, ariko kugabanya alkaline yo kwiyuhagira ntishobora gukomera cyane, bitabaye ibyo igipimo cyo kugabanya amarangi kizatinda.
2, irangi mugisubizo cyirangi ryamamajwe na fibre
Leucophore y irangi rya sulfide ibaho muburyo bwa anion mugisubizo cyirangi, ifite imitungo itaziguye ya fibre selile, irashobora kwamamazwa hejuru ya fibre hanyuma igakwirakwizwa imbere muri fibre imbere. Umutungo utaziguye w'amabara ya sulfure kuri fibre ya selile ni muke, muri rusange ukoresheje igipimo gito cyo kwiyuhagiriramo, mugihe wongeyeho electrolytite ikwiye, mubushyuhe bwo hejuru irashobora kuzamura igipimo cyo gusiga irangi, kuringaniza no gutembera.
3, kuvura okiside
Nyuma yo gusiga irangi kuri fibre, irangi rya sulfuru igomba kuba oxyde kugirango yerekane ibara ryifuzwa. Oxidation nintambwe yingenzi nyuma yo gusiga irangi ryamabara. Irangi ryoroshye rya okiside irashobora kurangizwa numwuka nyuma yo gusiga no gukaraba no guhumeka, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo guhumeka ikirere; Ku marangi ya sulfide amwe atoroshye okiside, imiti ya okiside ikoreshwa mugutezimbere okiside.
4. Nyuma yo gutunganywa
Nyuma yo kuvurwa harimo gukora isuku, gusiga amavuta, kurwanya-gukuramo no gutunganya amabara. Irangi rya sufuru rigomba gukaraba neza nyuma yo gusiga irangi kugirango igabanye sulferi isigaye ku mwenda kandi irinde ubukana bw’imyenda, kubera ko sulfure iri mu irangi na sulferi yo muri alkali sulfide byoroshye guhumeka mu kirere kugira ngo bibyare aside aside, izatera aside hydrolysis ya fibre ya selile no kugabanya imbaraga za fibre brittleness. Kubwibyo, irashobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana, nka: urea, fosifate ya trisodium, glue yamagufa, sodium acetate, nibindi. Kugirango tunonosore izuba hamwe nisabune yihuta yamabara yibirunga, ibara rishobora gukosorwa nyuma yo gusiga irangi. Hariho uburyo bubiri bwo kuvura amabara: kuvura umunyu wicyuma (nka: potasiyumu dichromate, sulfate yumuringa, acetate yumuringa hamwe nuruvange rwiyi myunyu) hamwe no kuvura ibara rya cationic.
umukara n'umukara wubururu nibikoreshwa cyane.
Icya kabiri, uburyo bwo gusiga amarangi ya sulfide
Irangi rya sulfide riragabanuka kandi rigashonga mu gusiga irangi, kandi irangi leucochroma ryakozwe ryamamazwa na fibre ya selile kandi ikavurwa na okiside yo mu kirere kugirango fibre selile yerekane ibara ryifuzwa. Imiti ya reaction yimiti ni
DS-SO3Na + Na2S → D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Irangi rya sulfide umubyeyi ntaho ahuriye na fibre, kandi imiterere yacyo irimo imigozi ya sulfuru (1 S 1), imiyoboro ya disulfide (1 s - S) cyangwa imigozi ya polysulfide (1 Sx 1), igabanywa mumatsinda ya hydrogen sulfide (1) SNa) munsi ya sodium sulfide igabanya imiti, hanyuma igahinduka umunyu wa sodium ya leucochromic. Impamvu ituma leucochromes ifitanye isano ya fibre selile ni uko molekile yamabara ari nini, nayo ikabyara ingufu nini za der der Waals nimbaraga za hydrogène zihuza fibre.
Iii. Itondekanya amarangi ya sulfuru
Irangi rya sulfide rishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine:
1, ifu ya sulfide irangi
Imiterere y'irangi formulaire rusange: DSSD, mubisanzwe ikenera gukoresha sodium sulfide itetse, yashonga nyuma yo kuyisaba.
2, irangi rya hydrolytike sulfide
Imiterere y'irangi amata rusange: D-SSO3Na, ubu bwoko bw'irangi bukozwe muri sodium sulfite cyangwa sodium bisulfite yo kuvura amarangi ya sulfide gakondo, amarangi arimo amatsinda ashonga amazi, bityo amazi akabura, ariko irangi ntiririmo ibintu bigabanya, ntaho bihurira kuri fibre, mubisanzwe byemewe gukoreshwa muburyo bwo gusiga irangi ryakoreshejwe kumyenda.3, irangi rya sulfide
Inzira rusange yuburyo bwo gusiga irangi ni: D-SNa, irimo umubare runaka wo kugabanya imiti, irangi ryabanje kugabanywa muri leptochroma.
Mbere ya 1936, irangi ryibirunga ryari ifu nkuburyo bwubucuruzi. Iyo ikoreshejwe, ifu irangi irangi ryarashyutswe hamwe kugirango riteke hamwe nigituba, soda ivu yumuti wamazi kugirango uyishonge. Mu 1936, John Le Clester wo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yakoze igisubizo cyagabanijwe neza, gihamye cyane cya sulfide irangi, maze abona patenti, ubu uzwi ku izina rya sulfide irangi.
4, ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije sulfide
Mubikorwa byo kubyaza umusaruro, binonosowe muburyo bwo gusiga irangi, ariko ibirimo sulfure nibirimo polysulfide biri munsi cyane ugereranije nibisanzwe bya sulfide. Irangi rifite isuku ryinshi, igabanuka rihamye kandi ryoroshye. Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa rya binary igabanya glucose nifu yubwishingizi ikoreshwa mubwogero bwirangi, ntibishobora kugabanya irangi rya sulfide gusa ahubwo binagira uruhare mukurengera ibidukikije.
Icya kane, inzira yo gusiga amarangi ya sulfide
Inzira yo gusiga irangi irashobora kugabanywamo intambwe enye zikurikira:
1. Kugabanya amarangi
Biroroshye cyane kugabanya no gushonga amarangi ya sulfide, kandi sodium sulfide ikoreshwa muburyo bwo kugabanya, nayo ikora nka alkali. Kugirango wirinde leucophore kuba hydrolyz, ibintu nka ivu rya soda birashobora kongerwamo uko bikwiye, ariko kugabanya alkaline yo kwiyuhagira ntishobora gukomera cyane, bitabaye ibyo igipimo cyo kugabanya amarangi kizatinda.
2, irangi mugisubizo cyirangi ryamamajwe na fibre
Leucophore y irangi rya sulfide ibaho muburyo bwa anion mugisubizo cyirangi, ifite imitungo itaziguye ya fibre selile, irashobora kwamamazwa hejuru ya fibre hanyuma igakwirakwizwa imbere muri fibre imbere. Umutungo utaziguye w'amabara ya sulfure kuri fibre ya selile ni muke, muri rusange ukoresheje igipimo gito cyo kwiyuhagiriramo, mugihe wongeyeho electrolytite ikwiye, mubushyuhe bwo hejuru irashobora kuzamura igipimo cyo gusiga irangi, kuringaniza no gutembera.
3, kuvura okiside
Nyuma yo gusiga irangi kuri fibre, irangi rya sulfuru igomba kuba oxyde kugirango yerekane ibara ryifuzwa. Oxidation nintambwe yingenzi nyuma yo gusiga irangi ryamabara. Irangi ryoroshye rya okiside irashobora kurangizwa numwuka nyuma yo gusiga no gukaraba no guhumeka, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo guhumeka ikirere; Ku marangi ya sulfide amwe atoroshye okiside, imiti ya okiside ikoreshwa mugutezimbere okiside.
4. Nyuma yo gutunganywa
Nyuma yo kuvurwa harimo gukora isuku, gusiga amavuta, kurwanya-gukuramo no gutunganya amabara. Irangi rya sufuru rigomba gukaraba neza nyuma yo gusiga irangi kugirango igabanye sulferi isigaye ku mwenda kandi irinde ubukana bw’imyenda, kubera ko sulfure iri mu irangi na sulferi yo muri alkali sulfide byoroshye guhumeka mu kirere kugira ngo bibyare aside aside, izatera aside hydrolysis ya fibre ya selile no kugabanya imbaraga za fibre brittleness. Kubwibyo, irashobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana, nka: urea, fosifate ya trisodium, glue yamagufa, sodium acetate, nibindi. Kugirango tunonosore izuba hamwe nisabune yihuta yamabara yibirunga, ibara rishobora gukosorwa nyuma yo gusiga irangi. Hariho uburyo bubiri bwo kuvura amabara: kuvura umunyu wicyuma (nka: potasiyumu dichromate, sulfate yumuringa, acetate yumuringa hamwe nuruvange rwiyi myunyu) hamwe no kuvura ibara rya cationic.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-19-2023